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    CFA Level 1 revision notes

    Revise one idea at a time. Concepts, formulas, worked examples and quick checks for the 2027 curriculum.

    102 readings · First reading of each topic free

    Quantitative MethodsEconomicsCorporate IssuersFinancial Statement AnalysisEquity InvestmentsFixed IncomeDerivativesAlternative InvestmentsPortfolio ManagementEthical and Professional Standards

    Quantitative Methods

    1. 1Returns of Financial Assets and Instruments23 cards · Free
    2. 2Types of Financial Returns23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 3Benchmarking Returns24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 4The Time Value of Money in Finance25 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 5Statistical Characteristics of Asset Returns25 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 6Statistical Distributions for Financial Asset Prices and Returns24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 7Estimation and Hypothesis Testing24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    8. 8The Return and Risk of a Financial Portfolio24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    9. 9Simulation of Financial Asset Prices and Returns24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    10. 10Applications of Simple Linear Regression in Finance24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    11. 11Introduction to Financial Data Science21 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Economics

    1. 12The Firm and Market Structures24 cards · Free
    2. 13Understanding Business Cycles21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 14Fiscal Policy23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 15Monetary Policy24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 16Introduction to Geopolitics22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 17International Trade21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 18Capital Flows and the FX Market24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    8. 19Exchange Rate Calculations20 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Corporate Issuers

    1. 20Organizational Forms, Corporate Issuer Features, and Ownership23 cards · Free
    2. 21Investors and Other Stakeholders22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 22Corporate Governance: Conflicts, Mechanisms, Risks, and Benefits23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 23Working Capital and Liquidity23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 24Capital Investments and Capital Allocation24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 25Capital Structure23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 26Business Models20 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Financial Statement Analysis

    1. 27Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis24 cards · Free
    2. 28Analyzing Income Statements24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 29Analyzing Balance Sheets24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 30Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 31Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II19 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 32Analysis of Inventories25 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 33Analysis of Long-Term Assets24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    8. 34Topics in Long-Term Liabilities and Equity24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    9. 35Analysis of Income Taxes24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    10. 36Financial Reporting Quality24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    11. 37Financial Analysis Techniques24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    12. 38Introduction to Financial Statement Modeling23 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Equity Investments

    1. 39Equity Instrument Features19 cards · Free
    2. 40Equity Jurisdictions, Classes, and the Voting Process20 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 41Equity Issuance and Trading23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 42Sources of Equity Returns20 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 43Introduction to Equity Valuation23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 44Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and Growth Models24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 45Relative Value Equity Valuation Approaches24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    8. 46Financial Statement Forecasting in Equity Valuation23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    9. 47Industry and Competitive Analysis24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    10. 48Company Analysis: Past, Present, and Future24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    11. 49Equity Analyst Research Reports24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    12. 50The Capital Asset Pricing Model, Market Model, and Other Factor-Based Equity Models24 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Fixed Income

    1. 51Fixed-Income Instrument Features22 cards · Free
    2. 52Fixed-Income Cash Flows and Types24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 53Fixed-Income Issuance and Trading24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 54Fixed-Income Markets for Corporate Issuers23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 55Fixed-Income Markets for Government Issuers23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 56Fixed-Income Bond Valuation: Prices and Yields24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 57Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Fixed-Rate Bonds23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    8. 58Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments18 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    9. 59The Term Structure of Interest Rates: Spot, Par, and Forward Curves22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    10. 60Interest Rate Risk and Return22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    11. 61Yield-Based Bond Duration Measures and Properties23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    12. 62Yield-Based Bond Convexity and Portfolio Properties23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    13. 63Curve-Based and Empirical Fixed-Income Risk Measures24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    14. 64Credit Risk24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    15. 65Credit Analysis for Government Issuers19 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    16. 66Credit Analysis for Corporate Issuers23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    17. 67Fixed-Income Securitization18 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    18. 68Asset-Backed Security (ABS) Instrument and Market Features25 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    19. 69Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS) Instrument and Market Features24 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Derivatives

    1. 70Derivative Instrument and Derivative Market Features23 cards · Free
    2. 71Forward Commitment and Contingent Claim Features and Instruments24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 72Derivative Benefits, Risks, and Issuer and Investor Uses21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 73Arbitrage, Replication, and the Cost of Carry in Pricing Derivatives21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 74Pricing and Valuation of Forward Contracts and for an Underlying with Varying Maturities25 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 75Pricing and Valuation of Futures Contracts22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 76Pricing and Valuation of Interest Rate and Other Swaps21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    8. 77Pricing and Valuation of Options22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    9. 78Option Replication Using Put-Call Parity21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    10. 79Valuing a Derivative Using a One-Period Binomial Model18 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Alternative Investments

    1. 80Alternative Investment Features, Methods, and Structures25 cards · Free
    2. 81Alternative Investment Performance and Returns24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 82Investments in Private Capital: Equity and Debt24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 83Real Estate and Infrastructure24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 84Natural Resources23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 85Hedge Funds23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 86Introduction to Digital Assets24 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Portfolio Management

    1. 87Portfolio Risk and Return: Part I24 cards · Free
    2. 88Portfolio Risk and Return: Part II24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 89Portfolio Management: An Overview24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 90Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction23 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 91The Behavioral Biases of Individuals22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 92Introduction to Risk Management24 cards · CFA Level 1 access

    Ethical and Professional Standards

    1. 93Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession24 cards · Free
    2. 94Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    3. 95Guidance for Standard I: Professionalism21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    4. 96Guidance for Standard II: Integrity of Capital Markets17 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    5. 97Guidance for Standard III: Duties to Clients24 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    6. 98Guidance for Standard IV: Duties to Employers21 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    7. 99Guidance for Standard V: Investment Analysis, Recommendations, and Actions20 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    8. 100Guidance for Standard VI: Conflicts of Interest19 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    9. 101Guidance for Standard VII: Responsibilities as a CFA Institute Member or CFA Candidate15 cards · CFA Level 1 access
    10. 102Application of the Code and Standards: Level I22 cards · CFA Level 1 access
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